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{\stylesheet{\s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\snext1 Default;}
{\s2\cf1{\*\tlswg8236}\tqc\tx4824{\*\tlswg8236}\tqr\tx9648{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\sbasedon1\snext2 Header;}
{\*\cs4\cf1\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f3\fs20\lang1033 WW8NumSt1z0;}
{\*\cs5\cf1\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f3\fs24\lang1033 WW8NumSt2z0;}
}
{\info{\author Sharon Tuttle}{\creatim\yr2000\mo8\dy30\hr13\min14}{\operator Sharon Tuttle}{\revtim\yr2004\mo8\dy26\hr11\min23}{\printim\yr2003\mo4\dy7\hr9\min47}{\comment StarWriter}{\vern6410}}\deftab720
{\*\pgdsctbl
{\pgdsc0\pgdscuse195\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1296\margrsxn1296\margtsxn576\margbsxn576\headery0{\*\headeryb283\headerxl0\headerxr0\headeryh0}{\header \pard\plain \s2\cf1{\*\tlswg8236}\tqc\tx4824{\*\tlswg8236}\tqr\tx9648{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\fs16 {\ltrch\loch\f0 useful UNIX commands for  CIS 480 - Perl in Depth}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f0 last modified: 8-26-04\tab \tab p. {\field{\*\fldinst \\page}{\fldrslt 3}}}
\par }
\pgdscnxt0 Default;}}
\paperh15840\paperw12240\margl1296\margr1296\margt576\margb576\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn1296\margrsxn1296\margtsxn1229\margbsxn576\headery576{\header \pard\plain \s2\cf1{\*\tlswg8236}\tqc\tx4824{\*\tlswg8236}\tqr\tx9648{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\fs16 {\ltrch\loch\f0 useful UNIX commands for  CIS 480 - Perl in Depth}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f0 last modified: 8-26-04\tab \tab p. {\field{\*\fldinst \\page}{\fldrslt 3}}}
\par }
\ftnbj\ftnstart1\ftnrstcont\ftnnar\aenddoc\aftnrstcont\aftnstart1\aftnnrlc
\pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\qc\ltrch\loch\f4\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 useful UNIX commands for CIS 480 - Perl in Depth}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\qc\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12\b 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 (note: quickly and shamelessly copied from the UNIX handout I give out in CIS 315 every semester... so there may be more here than you will really need in CIS 480. Or maybe not.)}
\par 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b{\ltrch\loch\f4{\b0 * }  remember: {\b0 UNIX is CASE-SENSITIVE, and usually lowercase! [Word XP-related font irregularities notwithstanding! grrrrr...]}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12\b 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 *   {\b cs-server} is the main HSU computer on which you will be using Perl this semester. So, {\b ssh} to}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4{\b cs-server.humboldt.edu }to do the assignments for this class.}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 *   once you have logged on, here is a collection of UNIX commands that you might find useful:}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs14 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ul\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 help-related commands}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b man }{\b0{\i desired_command\tab }{\i0 print the UNIX manual page for }{\i desired_command}{\i0 , if it exists.}}}
\par 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b apropos }{\b0{\i string\tab \tab }{\i0 print names of UNIX commands followed by 1-line descriptions whose 1-line \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab descriptions contain }{\i string}{\b  }}{\b0\i0 within them.}}
\par 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ul\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 directory-related commands}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab cd{\b0 , }cd {\b0{\i dirname\tab \tab }{\i0 change directory command; make the current working directory }{\i dirname}, }{\b0\i0 or make}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab the home directory the current working directory if no directory name is given}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b .\tab \tab \tab }{\b0 a nickname for the current directory}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b ..\tab \tab \tab }a nickname for the parent of the current directory}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b ~}{\i username\tab \tab }{\i0 a nickname for }{\i username}{\i0 's home directory}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b ~}\tab \tab \tab a nickname for the current user's home directory}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b pwd\tab \tab \tab }{\b0 gives the name of the current (present) working directory}}
\par 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4{\b \tab mkdir }{\b0{\i dirname\tab \tab }{\i0 make a new directory named }{\i dirname}{\i0  in/under the current working directory}}}
\par 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4{\b \tab rmdir }{\b0{\i dirname}{\i0 \tab \tab remove the directory }{\i dirname}{\b  }}{\b0\i0 (note that it must be empty for this to work)}}
\par 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab ls\tab \tab \tab {\b0 list the contents of the current working directory}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4{\ltrch\loch\f4{\fs20{\b0 \tab }{\b ls   -l\tab \tab \tab }{\b0 ...in "long" format, which includes file permissions}{\b \tab }}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab ls   -ld\tab \tab \tab {\b0 ...including permissions and information for subdirectories, instead of}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab their contents}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b ls  }{\i dirname\tab \tab }{\i0 list the contents of directory }{\i dirname}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\i 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b\i0 chmod 755 }dirname\tab {\i0 make directory }dirname{\i0  world-readable}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b chmod 700 }{\i dirname\tab }protect directory {\i dirname }--- only YOU can read, write, or execute its contents.}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab {\b THIS SHOULD BE USED FOR HOMEWORK DIRECTORIES.}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ul\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 file-related commands}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ul\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12\b 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b cp }{\i filename newfilename\tab }{\i0 creates a copy of the file }{\i filename }{\i0 with the name }{\i newfilename}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\i {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b\i0 cp }f1 f2 f3 f4 ... dirname\tab {\i0 creates copy of files }f1 f2 f3 f4 ... {\i0  (all that you care to list) in the directory}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab {\i dirname}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ul\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b mv }{\i filename newfilename\tab }{\i0 change the name of the file }{\i filename }to{\i0  the name }{\i newfilename}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\i {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b\i0 mv }f1 f2 f3 f4 ... dirname\tab {\i0 move files }f1 f2 f3 f4 ... {\i0  (all that you care to list) to the directory}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab {\i dirname}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab }
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b rm }{\b0{\i filename\tab \tab }{\i0 remove the file }{\i filename}}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b chmod 644 }{\b0{\i filename\tab }{\i0 make file }{\i filename}{\i0  world-readable}}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b chmod 600 }{\i filename\tab }protect file {\i filename }---only YOU can read or write it.}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab chmod 755  {\b0{\i filename\tab }make file {\i filename} world readable and executable}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\i {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b\i0 chmod  700 }filename\tab {\i0 make file }filename {\i0 executable (and readable and writable) for you alone --- no}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab one else can even see it.}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b more }{\b0{\i filename\tab \tab }{\i0 look at the contents of file }{\i filename}{\i0  on-screen, one screen at a time}}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b cat }{\i filename\tab \tab }look at the contents of file {\i filename} on-screen, all at once}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b pico }{\b0{\i filename\tab \tab }{\i0 edit file }{\i filename }}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\i {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b\i0 vi }filename\tab }
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b emacs }{\i filename}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ul\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 commands and tips for stopping a UNIX process}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b ^C\tab \tab \tab }(typing Control key and c key at the same time) This can often be used, in}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab UNIX, to stop or kill a running command (actually, a command running in the \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab foreground). This is useful if you accidentally type in a command that prints out \tab \tab \tab \tab far more than you wanted to see, and also useful to stop a man command call \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab when
 you do not want to see the rest of the pages...}
\par 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b ps   -ef\tab \tab \tab }gives information about currently-running processes that you own. These may \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab be from other UNIX sessions than your current UNIX session. The name of \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab each process is in the far right column, and the {\b process id} for each process is in \tab \tab \tab 
\tab the second column.}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab }
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4{\ltrch\loch\f4{\ulnone\fs20{\b0 \tab }{\b kill   }{\b0{\i process_id\tab \tab }{\i0 stop, or kill, the process with process id }{\i process_id}{\i0 . I was always taught that}{\i \tab }}}}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4{\ulnone\fs20{\i0{\b0 \tab }{\b kill   -9  }}{\b0\i process_id}}\tab {\fs20{\b0 you should try the version without }{\b -9}{\b0  before you try the version with }{\b -9}{\b0 , because}}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab the former kills it less "messily". }
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ul\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 other commands and etc.}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab *\tab \tab \tab {\b0 wildcard character that matches }any {\b0 0 or more characters.}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab example:   {\b ha*s} matches {\b has}, {\b ha3s}, {\b haaaaaaaaas}, etc.}
\par 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b ?\tab \tab \tab }wildcard character that matches {\b any} single character}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab example:   {\b ha?s} matches {\b hams}, {\b ha3s} but does NOT match {\b has}, {\b haaas}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b0 ESC key\tab \tab in several UNIX shells (including the default you get on sorrel and axe),}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab typing the ESC key {\b twice} after you have started typing a file name will cause}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab the shell to try to {\b complete }(fill in) the file name you have started typing, if it \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab can. This is called {\b filename completion}.}
\par 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab grep  {\b0\i pattern  *}\tab \tab {\b0 look for files in the current working directory that contain }inside {\b0  of them\tab \tab \tab \tab \tab the pattern or letters {\i pattern}}\tab }
\par 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab diff {\b0{\i file1 file2\tab \tab }{\i0 compare the contents of }{\i file1 }{\i0 and }{\i file2}{\i0 , and show any differences. If the}}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab two files are identical, nothing is returned.}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab history\tab \tab \tab {\b0 show a list of the most recently-done commands in this UNIX session}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b !!\tab \tab \tab }redo the last UNIX command done}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b !}{\i com\tab \tab \tab }{\i0 redo the most recent UNIX command done starting with the letters }{\i com}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\i {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b\i0 !-}x\tab \tab \tab {\i0 redo the UNIX command done }x{\b  }{\i0 UNIX commands ago}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b !}{\i x\tab \tab \tab }redo the UNIX command numbered {\i x{\b  }}in the history list}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20{\ltrch\loch\f4{\b \tab up-arrow key\tab \tab }{\b0 (the key, you don't type this verbatim!) lets you scroll through the commands}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab in the history list (in several UNIX shells, including the axe and sorrel \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab defaults).}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20\b {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab }
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab quota\tab \tab \tab {\b0 lets you know how much of your disk space quota you are using --- the second}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab column, {\b blocks}, shows how much you are currently using, and the third column, \tab \tab \tab \tab {\b quota}, shows how much you are permitted to use. }
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs12\b 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b (continued on next page)}}
\par \page\pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab {\b pine\tab \tab }{\b0 an e-mail program on }{\b axe}{\b0  {\b0 (and, if properly configured, on cs-server) }that you can use to e-}}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\fs20 {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab mail me homework assignment files. }
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab }
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab to {\b include} a file in an e-mail message, in pine:}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab {\b ^R\tab \tab }that is, move down into the body of the message, and then}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab type the control (CTRL) key and the letter r simultaneously.}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab You'll then be prompted for a file name; enter the desired}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab file name, and its contents will be inserted into the e-mail}
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab message.}
\par 
\par {\ltrch\loch\f4 \tab \tab \tab {\b\fs24 remember to CC: a copy of ANYTHING you send to me to YOURSELF, }}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f4\b {\ltrch\loch\f4                                     also!}
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\fs20 
\par 
\par \pard\plain \s1\cf1{\*\hyphen2\hyphlead2\hyphtrail2\hyphmax0}\aspalpha\rtlch\af6\afs24\lang255\ltrch\dbch\af2\afs24\langfe255\loch\f0\fs24\lang1033\ltrch\loch\f5\fs20\b 
\par }