Ch438_Lec

G° ' = -RT lnK', G° ' = -5700 ln K (in joules @ 25°C).

K	log K	G°' (calories)	G°' (joules)
10^-3	-3	4,089	17,100
10^-1	-1	1,363	5,700
1	0	0	0
10³	3	-4,089	-17,100

prokaryote cell image

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Typical Animal Cell

eukaryote cell image

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Nucleolus: localized region of the nucleus in which ribosomal RNA's are synthesized and processed.
Nucleus: DNA replication, synthesis and processing of messenger RNA's.
Ribosome: Ribonucleoprotein machines for translating RNA information into proteins.
Vesicle:small membrane enclosed vessels used in transporting proteins between different organelles (e.g. sER and Golgi etc.)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthesis and modification of membrane and export proteins.
Golgi Complex: Further modification of membrane and export proteins.
Cytoskeleton: multi-subunit fibrous proteins such as actin and microtubulin providing support for cell shape
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Lipid Synthesis; Steroid synthesis; Phase one detoxification reactions.
Mitochondria: Kreb's Citric Acid Cycle; Electron transport system and Oxidative Phosphorylation; Fatty acid oxidation; Amino acid catabolism; Interconversion of carbon skeletons.
Lysosomes: Hydrolytic (digestive) enzyme localization.
Cytosol: Glycolysis and most of gluconeogenesis; Pentose Phosphate shunt; Fatty acid biosynthesis.
Peroxisomes: Amino acid oxidases, catalase-oxidative degradation reactions.
Centrioles within Centrosome: Centrioles are barrel-shaped structures composed of nine microtular triplet-strands. A pair of associated centrioles in amorphous stuff makes up the centrosome which is involved in organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division in animal and most fungal cells (they are not present in plants). It is also essential for flagella and celia formation.
Plasma Membrane: Active and passive transport systems; receptors and signal processing systems (synthesis of various second messengers etc.).

Not shown - Glycogen Granules: enzymes of glycogen synthesis and breakdown. including branching and debranching.

Typical Plant Cell

plant cell structure diagram

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Chloroplasts: Light capturing processes and electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation for photosynthesis; Calvin cycle (dark reactions of photosynthesis).
Glyoxisomes: location of glyoxalate cycle.
Cell wall: made up of cellulose glued together with lignin (a plastic like polymer) - maintains cell integrity against high osmotic pressure, gives cell rigidity.
Vacuole: storage of dilute aqueous solutions, provides fluid for osmotic pressure.