Zoo 214 Midterm III REVIEW

* Chapters 7, 11-15

* Format: similar to prior exams

Endocrinology:

* Give precise definitions of endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signalling.

* Be familiar with the differences in location and operation of receptors for steroid and peptide hormones.

* With a diagram explain the relationship between the hypothalamic releasing hormones and the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland.

* Describe how large membrane-bound G proteins, adenyl cyclase, cAMP and Protein kinase A produce responses when a hormone binds to its receptor.

* Discuss the strategy of drug companies in designing potent anti-inflammatory analogs of the natural glucocorticoid, cortisol.

* Define/explain: Grave's disease, Hashimoto's disease and goiter. Explain how goiters can arise from either hypo- or hyperthyroidism.

Muscle:

* Contrast the properties and structure of: smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle.

* If presented an unlabeled diagram of a myoneural junction, be able to identify the indicated players in transmission and describe their functions.

* Be able to diagram and label actin and myosin filaments.

* Define/explain: latent perior for muscle contraction, contraction period, relaxation period. For each of these "periods" explain what is going on inside muscle fibers.

* Explain the nature of and place in muscle metabolism of the following. For each describe the circumstance of exertion (for whole organism) where it is the most important supplier of ATP to drive muscle contraction:

* Creatine phosphate

* Anaerobic glycolysis

* Oxidative phosphorylation/electron transport system.

* Contrast the properties of fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle fibers.

* Explain the length-tension relationship for skeletal muscle. Draw a diagram of the relationship.

Circulation:

Be familiar with the relationship between systemic and pulmonary circ systems. Be able to describe the 2 major portal circ systems and reason for each.

Describe structures of the microcirculation and relation to the lymphatic circ.

Be able to compare cross-sectional areas, flow rates, and pressures in the major subdivisions: arteries, veins, capillaries.

Be able to explain the relationship between blood flow rates, pressures, and vascular resistance. What factors determine vascular resistance to blood flow?

The heart:

Anatomy: be able to describe all structures traversed by a RBC from entering the right atrium through exiting the left ventricle.

How do skeletal and cardiac muscle differ in the source of Ca that evokes contraction?

Describe the properties and functions of the 3 types of muscle fibers found in the heart.

Describe the nature of the action potential in contractile cardiac fibers and the ion channels responsible for the various phases. How is tetanization of the heart prevented?

Describe the nature of AP in the nodal fibers of the heart. Explain the roles of the several ion channels in producing pacemaker potentials - why are these so important to us?

If presented with a diagram of the coordinating tissues of the heartbeat be able to label each and explain its function.

Diagram the EKG waves of one normal cardiac cycle and explain what each represents.

Know the nature of each of the following heart diseases: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, valvular stenosis, and mitral regurgitation.

In the diagnosis of heart disease what are the roles of: auscultation, EKG, and other imaging techniques?

Heart sounds:

Explain what produces 2 sounds. Define: auscultation and phonocardiogram.

The Wiggers diagram - a valuable item as it coordinates all of the aspects of heart fx in one place. You should be very familiar with it.

Cardiac arrhythmias: for each of the following describe the abnormalities in the EKG and the cause of the problem

* Complete A-V block (3rd degree)

* Atrial fibrillation

* Ventricular fibrillation

Explain how heart pacemakers work in cases of A-V block.

Explain the mechanism of defibrillation with the "paddles" to stop vent. fib.

Myocardial infarction (MI):

* Explain the causes of MI

* What characteristic can change in the EKG - what does each of these changes signify in terms of the health of affected muscle?

* Why are enzyme tests regarded as the gold standard for diagnosing MI? Which enzymes are measured and from what source?

Why is it difficult to get life insurance after an MI even if you lie? Hint- you have to get an EKG.

Explain in detail the changes in arteries associated with formation of atherosclerotic plaques. How do unstable plaques lead to MIs?

* Compare the luminal diameters and wall structure of the major vessel classes.

* Explain the mechanism of action of NO on vascular smooth muscle.

* Explain the principle behind use of the sphygmomanometer to measure BP.

* Explain the equation used to describe blood flow. What factors determine the resistance of blood vessels to flow?

* Be able to produce a list of the five classes of drugs which are used to control hypertension explaining the mechanism by which each works.

* With the aid of a diagram explain the forces at work in capillary dynamics to produce filtration at the arterial end of capillaries and absorption at the venous end. Define edema and describe the mechanisms by which the following cause edema: liver disease, CHF (congestive heart failure), and lymphatic blockage.